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Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations, occurred on November 30, 1999 (nicknamed "N30" on similar lines to J18 and similar mobilizations), when the World Trade Organization (WTO) convened at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in Seattle, Washington. The negotiations were quickly overshadowed by massive and controversial street protests outside the hotels and the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, in what became the second phase of the antiglobalization movement in the United States. The scale of the demonstrations—even the lowest estimates put the crowd at over 40,000—dwarfed any previous demonstration in the United States against a world meeting of any of the organizations generally associated with economic globalization (such as the WTO, the International Monetary Fund, or the World Bank).〔Seattle Police Department: ''The Seattle Police Department After Action Report: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference Seattle, Washington 29 November – 3 December 1999''. p. 41. "Police estimated the size of this march (labor march ) in excess of 40,000."〕 The events are sometimes referred to as the Battle of Seattle or the Battle in Seattle.〔(Lynsi Burton, "WTO riots in Seattle: 15 years ago" Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 29, 2014 )〕 ==Organizations and planning== Planning for the demonstrations began months in advance and included local, national, and international organizations. Among the most notable participants were national and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Global Exchange〔Bogardus, Keven (22 September 2004). (Venezuela Head Polishes Image With Oil Dollars: President Hugo Chavez takes his case to America's streets. ) Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved 22 February 2010.〕 (especially those concerned with labor issues, the environment, and consumer protection), labor unions (including the AFL-CIO), student groups, religion-based groups (Jubilee 2000), and anarchists (some of whom formed a black bloc).〔(Anarchism: Two Kinds ), Wendy McElroy. About market, violence, and anarchist reject to WTO.〕 The coalition was loose, with some opponent groups focused on opposition to WTO policies (especially those related to free trade), with others motivated by prolabor, anticapitalist, or environmental agendas. Many of the NGOs represented at the protests came with credentials to participate in the official meetings, while also planning various educational and press events. The AFL-CIO, with cooperation from its member unions, organized a large permitted rally and march from Seattle Center to downtown. However, others were more interested in taking direct action, including both civil disobedience and acts of vandalism and property destruction to disrupt the meeting. Several groups were loosely organized together under the Direct Action Network (DAN), with a plan to disrupt the meetings by blocking streets and intersections downtown to prevent delegates from reaching the convention center, where the meeting was to be held. The black bloc was not affiliated with DAN, but was responding to the original call for autonomous resistance actions on November 30 issued by People's Global Action.〔(People's Global Action "November 30th, 1999-A Global Day of Action, Resistance, and Carnival Against the Capitalist System" )〕 Of the different coalitions that aligned in protest were the "teamsters and turtles" - a blue-green alliance consisting of the teamsters (trade unions) and environmentalists.〔Berg, John C. 2003, Teamsters and turtles?: U.S. progressive political movements in the 21st century, Rowman & Littlefield〕〔http://fsrn.org/audio/web-special-teamsters-and-turtles/5828〕〔http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1525/is_2_85/ai_62828674/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1999 Seattle WTO protests」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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